Screening of Toxic Effects of Neonicotinoid Insecticides with a Focus on Acetamiprid: A Review

Recently, neonicotinoids have become the fastest-growing class of insecticides in conventional crop protection, with extensive usage against a wide range sucking and chewing pests. Neonicotinoids are widely used due to their high toxicity invertebrates, simplicity, flexibility which they may be applied, lengthy persistence, systemic nature ensures that spread all sections target crop. However, these properties raise risk environmental contaminations potential non-target organisms. Acetamiprid is new generation insecticide, safer alternative for controlling insect pests because its low honeybees. intended nicotinic acetylcholine receptors insects, but widespread has resulted negative impacts on animals such as mammals. This review summarizes vivo vitro animal studies investigated specific neonicotinoids. With summarized data, it can presumed certain concentrations reproductive system cause oxidative stress testis; spermatogenesis disruption; spermatozoa degradation; interruptions endocrine function Sertoli Leydig cell function. In female system, acetamiprid evokes pathomorphological alterations follicles, along metabolic changes ovaries.